Fraser,+Malcolm

RESEARCH SCAFFOLD  || Are you a prime minister, like me? || John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak, Melbourne on 21 May 1930, son of a wealthy landowner. His grandfather had been a senator in the first Federal Parliament. After graduating from Oxford he returned to Australia in 1952 to manage the family property "Nareen", situated in the Western District of Victoria. At age 25 with help from Gorton and Fadden he won the previously safe Labor seat of Wannan. The following year he married Tamie Beggs and together they had four children. || [] || Born in Melbourne the son of a grazier and grandson of a Federation politician, Fraser went to Oxford and into politics, where his earnestness brought him the name, The Prefect. He became prime minister in the 1975 constitutional crisis, using the Senate to block Supply. Today's Liberals criticise him for having wasted a chance to introduce economic reforms but he has won respect worldwide for his stance on human rights. He said: "There is within me some part of the metaphysic and thus I would add that life is not meant to be easy." || [] || John Malcolm Fraser was born in Melbourne on 21 May 1930, the younger of the two children of John Neville and Una (Woolf) Fraser. Malcolm Fraser lived with his parents on their pastoral property on the New South Wales side of the Murray River, north of Deniliquin. The family bought a new property, 'Nareen', in western Victoria in 1946, while Fraser attended Melbourne Grammar. At nineteen he went to England to study at Magdalen College at Oxford and completed a degree in politics and economics in 1952. At the age of 22, Fraser had returned to Australia to work on 'Nareen', and had joined the local branch of the Liberal Party, formed by RG Menzies in 1944. In May 1954, a week after his 24th birthday, Fraser stood unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives seat of Wannon. Don McLeod, the sitting Labor Member for Wannon, was returned. Early the next year, the Labor Party split, and an Anti-Communist Labor Party formed || [] || Chronological reference to people and experiences that influenced the person explaining how they influenced them. ||  Appointed Prime Minister by the Governor-General in 1975 and subsequent winner of three elections. His eight years of government saw support for big business and the reduction of welfare benefits in an effort to curb inflation and reduce unemployment. After the turbulence of the Whitlam years Malcolm Fraser's period in office saw a return to conservative values and dismantling of some of Labor's programmes. Fraser's policies were designed to reduce the unemployment rate, high interest rates and inflation. By the 1980s, as the world recession grew deeper, the living standards of Australians began to fall. When he lost the 1983 election he resigned from parliament. As an anti-racist he became one of the 'eminent persons' group fighting to end Apartheid. || [] || Though economic rationalism was debated during his term of office, the Fraser government pursued more traditional approaches to financial management and fiscal policy. In the years of the Fraser Government a significant piece of legislation for Indigenous people, the //Aboriginal Land Rights Act (NT) 1976//, was passed. The position of Commonwealth Ombudsman was established in 1977 and Australia's first Freedom of Information law was enacted in 1981. The same year, the government passed the //Human Rights Commission Act// and established the Human Rights Commission. The Fraser government revitalized Australia's immigration program, bringing migrants from Asian countries, including nearly 56,000 Vietnamese refugees. Over 2000 'boat people' were granted entry. The immigration program focused on resettlement and 'multiculturalism' with the Institute of Multicultural Affairs being set up in 1978. Mr Fraser resigned from parliament on 31 March 1983 and, within two years, had become a key figure in Australia's international and diplomatic relations. || [] || (later called Glamorgan). Transferred to Tudor House near Moss Vale in New South Wales in 1940. Melbourne Grammar (1943-48). Oxford University (1949-52). || [] ||  ||  Harold Holt appointed him Minister for the Army in 1966. Under McMahon he held the position of Minister for Education and Science, where he enthusiastically supported private schooling. Fraser's supporters believed that he would make an effective opposition leader and engineered two leadership challenges. On the second challenge in March 1975 Fraser was elected Party leader. Fraser attacked the Government on its mismanagement, shady dealings and political naivete. The Liberal/Country Party Coalition's refusal to pass the supply bills resulted in the constitutional crisis of November 11 when the Governor-General sacked Whitlam. Fraser was appointed caretaker prime minister until the general elections of December 1975. Fraser won a resounding victory with a big enough majority to govern without the Country party. He chose to retain the coalition and appointed Doug Anthony as his deputy. The task of the new government was to bring down inflation, now running at 20%, to reduce unemployment and the high interest rates. To achieve these goals Fraser believed that Australian industry should be boosted by added protection (Whitlam had reduced tariffs), by maintaining monopolies (e.g. the two airline policy), by standing up to union claims for higher wages and by persuading overseas buyers and investors that they could have confidence in Australia's economy. || [] || Malcolm Fraser became Prime Minister following the dramatic dismissal of the Whitlam Government in November 1975. He was to hold office for over seven years. In recent years, Fraser has been co-chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons, which worked toward democracy in South Africa. He is also President of CARE International. He was interviewed for Film Australia's Australian Biography series in 1994. || [] || Fraser joined the Cabinet as minister for the army in 1966 and later held the portfolios of education and science (1968-1969 and 1971-1972) and defence (1969-1971). Chosen leader of the Liberal Party in March 1975, he became prime minister after a constitutional crisis in November of that year and a month later led his coalition government to victory in national elections. Fraser was returned to office, but with a substantially reduced majority, in the elections of 1980. The Liberal coalition was defeated in the general elections of March 1983 by the Labor Party under Bob Hawke, after which Fraser resigned his party leadership and parliamentary seat. || Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserve || Well known persons working at the same time. || On Robert Menzies' retirement in 1966, Prime Minister Harold Holt appointed Malcolm Fraser to his first ministry. Like Menzies, Holt had an inner Cabinet of twelve, and an 'outer' ministry. He included Annabelle Rankin as Housing Minister, and Fraser as Army Minister, in his outer ministry of thirteen. Malcolm Fraser was Army Minister for two years (1966-68), under three prime ministers. The first Australian troops had been despatched by the Menzies government in May 1965. In his first year as Army Minister, Fraser visited the troops in Vietnam, and also made official visits to Thailand, Laos, Malaysia and the Philippines. John Gorton reshuffled Cabinet a month after he became Prime Minister, and allocated the portfolio of Education and Science to Malcolm Fraser. Though still an 'outer' portfolio, this was a period of expanding departmental responsibilities, with growth in tertiary education and increased government funding to private schools. After fourteen years as a government member of the House of Representatives, Malcolm Fraser finally became a member of the Cabinet. John Gorton allocated him the Defence portfolio after the federal election in October 1969, during the Vietnam war. Fraser, however, developed an uneasy relationship with his Prime Minister and early in 1971 their disagreements reached a critical point. Fraser charged Gorton with disloyalty to him in a conflict with senior Army officials. On 8 March 1971 Fraser resigned the Defence portfolio. Like Joseph Lyons and Robert Menzies before him, Fraser's resignation from Cabinet precipitated his Prime Minister's demise. William McMahon became Prime Minister on 10 March 1971. McMahon appointed Fraser as Minister for Education and Science in August 1971. Malcolm Fraser served under five prime ministers in his seven years as a minister. When the Labor Party won the federal election on 2 December 1972, Malcolm Fraser moved to the Opposition benches for the first time in his parliamentary career. On 3 August 1973, Billy Snedden, who replaced William McMahon as Liberal Party leader, appointed Fraser shadow Minister for Industrial Relations. In 1971, In July 1974, Fraser used his speech at a commemorative dinner at the Melbourne Institute of Technology to contrast the ideals and realities of Liberal leadership. In August he wrote an article for the Melbourne Herald arguing that the Liberal Party had lost its sense of purpose and direction, and needed a leader who would reassert Liberal principles. He pursued this theme in his Robert Garran memorial lecture the same year and in an article in Australian Quarterly. || [] || He was an Oxford graduate and a grazier when he won the Victorian seat of Wannon for the Liberal Party in December 1955. Entering politics aged just 25, he was the youngest member of the 22nd parliament. His first ten years were spent as a backbencher in the Menzies Government but when Robert Holt became prime minister in 1966, Mr Fraser was appointed as Minister for the Army. He also served as a minister in the governments of John Gorton and William McMahon. When the Labor Party won office in December 1972 under the leadership of Gough Whitlam, Mr Fraser sat on the Opposition benches for the first time. Looking to reassert Liberal principles and provide the Liberal Party with a new sense of purpose and direction, he stood for leader in a ballot in March 1975, defeating Billy Snedden to become Leader of the Opposition. Mr Fraser was appointed as caretaker Prime Minister on 11 November 1975, after Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed the Whitlam Government. The Fraser Coalition government won office a month later with the largest landslide of any federal election. The Liberal and National Country Party Coalition remained in office, winning strong majorities in both the 1975 and 1977 elections and a third term in 1980, until defeated by Labor under Bob Hawke in 1983. || [] || He became Leader of the Opposition on 21 March 1975 after successfully challenging BM Snedden for the Liberal leadership. The challenge was promoted by parliamentary party members dissatisfied with Snedden's parliamentary performance against the Labor Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam. || Why do their life is regarded as significant and why they are admirable. ||  Fraser is held in great respect in black Africa for his participation in framing the agreement to end the civil war in Rhodesia, paving the way for the new state of Zimbabwe. He never lost an opportunity to speak on the evils of Apartheid, refusing visits to Australia by sporting teams chosen on racial grounds.Fraser faced three elections after 1975. He promised tax cuts prior to the 1977 election, which had been called a year early fearing the economic situation would deteriorate. Fraser won the 1980 election by raising fears of a Labor capital gains tax which would extend to profit from the sale of a family residence, but his majority was halved. Fraser decided to call an election in March 1983, anticipating a change of Labor Party leadership later in the year. At the very same time he was asking the Governor-General for a double dissolution, Bob Hawke replaced Bill Hayden as leader. The election was very much a contest between the two leaders. Hawke was confident, had a good record as ACTU leader of handling industrial disputes and his promises, like stopping the damming of the Franklin River, appealed to conservationists and some undecided voters. With the defeat of the Liberal Party Fraser resigned from Parliament and retired to run his property. He has since won world respect and admiration for his role as joint-head of the Eminent Persons Group, committed to ending Apartheid.
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 * ^  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> On 3 February 1983, Fraser gained a double dissolution of parliament and called a general election. He hoped to gain an advantage from the disunity in the federal parliamentary ALP over R.J.L. Hawke's challenges to W.G. Hayden's leadership of the ALP. Twenty minutes later Hayden resigned as ALP leader, allowing Hawke to assume leadership. Following an election campaign largely focusing on Fraser's and Hawke's personalities, the ALP won a 25-seat majority in the House of Representatives. With 30 out of 64 Senate seats, the ALP had the largest number of Senators, but the success of the Democrats in winning 5 seats gave them the balance of power in the Senate. In conceding defeat early on 6 March 1983, the morning following the election, Fraser announced his intention of resigning from the Liberal leadership. He resigned from parliament five days later, on 11 March, and later that day the parliamentary Liberal Party elected Andrew S. Peacock to replace him as leader. ||
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 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Education: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Where and when they studied. Well ordered, and detailed description on when and where the person studied. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> Born in Melbourne, he was educated at Melbourne Grammar School and Magdalen College, Oxford, and was first elected to the Australian Parliament in 1955. ||
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 * Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.** ||
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 * ^  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> Malcolm Fraser was educated at Geelong Grammar preparatory school, Toorak, Victoria, then Tudor House, Moss Vale, New South Wales, before going on to Melbourne Grammar at 14. He went to Oxford University, UK, where he graduated with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics. He worked as a grazier at 'Nareen' after returning from Oxford. ||
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|| [] || [] || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Establishes when and where the person died and the effect their work and values had on people. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> On quitting parliament, Fraser retired to 'Nareen', but remained active in public affairs. In 1985 he was chosen as a member of an international group of 'eminent persons' seeking to end apartheid in South Africa by encouraging dialogue between the opposed racial communities. (He had been a real critic of apartheid since entering parliament.) Later, he became a political columnist for the Australian newspaper and head of Care Australia, an international relief agency with special interests in delivering aid to poverty stricken nations in Africa. || [] || [] || Fraser is perhaps most remembered for his role in the political upheaval of 1975, a series of events which commentators continue to scrutinize. More recently, Fraser was co-chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons, which worked toward democracy in South Africa. He formed the humanitarian aid organization CARE Australia in 1987, which he chaired until 2002, and served as president and vice-president of CARE International. || ||
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 * ^  || On 3 February 1983, Fraser gained a double dissolution of parliament and called a general election. He hoped to gain an advantage from the disunity in the federal parliamentary ALP over R.J.L. Hawke's challenges to W.G. Hayden's leadership of the ALP. Twenty minutes later Hayden resigned as ALP leader, allowing Hawke to assume leadership. Following an election campaign largely focusing on Fraser's and Hawke's personalities, the ALP won a 25-seat majority in the House of Representatives. With 30 out of 64 Senate seats, the ALP had the largest number of Senators, but the success of the Democrats in winning 5 seats gave them the balance of power in the Senate. In conceding defeat early on 6 March 1983, the morning following the election, Fraser announced his intention of resigning from the Liberal leadership. He resigned from parliament five days later, on 11 March, and later that day the parliamentary Liberal Party elected Andrew S. Peacock to replace him as leader. ||
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 * ^  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> * His grandfather, Sir Simon Fraser, had been a Victorian parliamentarian and a delegate to the Australasian Federal Convention in 1897-98.
 * At 25 Malcolm Fraser was the youngest MP when he entered parliament in 1955.
 * Malcolm Fraser served 28 years in federal parliament.
 * His government was responsible for the passage of Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act.
 * His government was responsible for the establishment of the Family Court of Australia.
 * The Fraser government's win in the controversial 1975 election was the largest of any federal election. ||
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 * ^  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak, Melbourne on 21 May 1930, son of a wealthy landowner. His grandfather had been a senator in the first Federal Parliament. After graduating from Oxford he returned to Australia in 1952 to manage the family property "Nareen", situated in the Western District of Victoria. At age 25 with help from Gorton and Fadden he won the previously safe Labor seat of Wannan. The following year he married Tamie Beggs and together they had four children. ||
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 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Pictures ** [[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:P4NxfFFcqVe39M:http://www.peo.gov.au/images/library/0153.jpg width="86" height="120" link="http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peo.gov.au/images/library/0153.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.peo.gov.au/multimedia/library/pages/0153.html&usg=__2sHBHNe8PpVKlT7Bn9zXLLHhxZk=&h=350&w=250&sz=9&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=P4NxfFFcqVe39M:&tbnh=120&tbnw=86&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmalcolm%2Bfraser%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den"]][[image:http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:_JO01pJCdj-tOM:http://www.nma.gov.au/shared/libraries/images/past_exhibitions/prime_ministers_new/fraser_w150/files/21955/fraser_w150.jpg width="81" height="102" link="http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nma.gov.au/shared/libraries/images/past_exhibitions/prime_ministers_new/fraser_w150/files/21955/fraser_w150.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nma.gov.au/education/school_resources/websites_and_interactives/primeministers/malcolm_fraser/&usg=__UvHbWmXdTyfnHVYNd0WD8KaHK9Q=&h=188&w=150&sz=8&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=_JO01pJCdj-tOM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmalcolm%2Bfraser%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den"]][[image:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:4doPEVrzcIDFuM:http://www.smh.com.au/ffximage/2008/03/14/Fraser_080314110633457_wideweb__300x384.jpg width="96" height="123" link="http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.smh.com.au/ffximage/2008/03/14/Fraser_080314110633457_wideweb__300x384.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.smh.com.au/news/arts-reviews/the-1970s-a-decade-of-protest/2008/03/14/1205126184289.html&usg=__nW7hKV7Nznsspd_P5YlP-HH4LCM=&h=384&w=300&sz=32&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=4doPEVrzcIDFuM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=96&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmalcolm%2Bfraser%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den"]]